{"id":1387,"date":"2021-08-09T03:01:13","date_gmt":"2021-08-09T03:01:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/?p=1387"},"modified":"2021-08-09T03:09:42","modified_gmt":"2021-08-09T03:09:42","slug":"lca-study-of-pla-including-food-waste","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/lca-study-of-pla-including-food-waste\/","title":{"rendered":"LCA study of PLA including Food Waste."},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1387\" class=\"elementor elementor-1387\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e50ccbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e50ccbc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2268114c\" data-id=\"2268114c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-377674d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"377674d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 25-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));--align-self:var(--container-widget-align-self,initial);--flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container{height:100%;width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty{position:relative;min-height:22px;min-width:22px}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer.elementor-widget-empty .elementor-widget-empty-icon{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;padding:0;width:22px;height:22px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d85b394 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7d85b394\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 25-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LCA study PLA including Food Waste.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c394aaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c394aaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 25-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><strong>(rapport: LCA study of PLA Packaging including Food Waste.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Ana Carolina Cruz Alarico \u2013 Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal) <\/strong><\/p><p>The pressing need, in recent decades, to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the amount of food waste destined for landfills, has led to the wide development of bio-based plastics produced from renewable sources. However, the most important bio-plastic on the market, used to manufacture food packaging, is the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) produced by Total-Corbion. The analysis presented in this dissertation, is a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study of packaging heavily contaminated with wet food residues, to determine the impact of packaging and food waste.<\/p><p>The aim of this work is twofold: first, to analyse what might be the best end-of-life (EOL) option for PLA food packaging with food content and second, to determine which life cycle stage has the biggest impact. Therefore, by using the LCA methodology, a LCA cradle-to-grave was conducted for all the different food packaging systems, taking into consideration as final scenarios composting, incineration, anaerobic digestion and landfill. The present assessment shows that, incineration is more favorable for food packaging with low moisture content (&lt;70%), such as: coffee cups, yogurt cups, coffee capsules. Industrial composting is more favorable for food packaging with high moisture content, such as tea bag and cucumber. Anaerobic digestion is the best option for all systems but it is unfortunately technically challenging. Lastly, landfill, is the worse option, from a LCA perspective, because even though PLA will remain inert in landfills, food waste decomposes into harmful air emissions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-631e8777 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"631e8777\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53a0342c\" data-id=\"53a0342c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab15cb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ab15cb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e74e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8e74e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2364ffb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2364ffb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.21.0 - 25-04-2024 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bioplastic-682x1024.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-658\" alt=\"bio-plastic\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bioplastic-682x1024.jpeg 682w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bioplastic-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bioplastic-768x1153.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bioplastic-1023x1536.jpeg 1023w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/bioplastic.jpeg 1066w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" style=\"width:100%;height:150.09%;max-width:1066px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24eebcf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"24eebcf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20740d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f20740d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-12c8f662 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"12c8f662\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7636a19b\" data-id=\"7636a19b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ea94b6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5ea94b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1003\" src=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/design-pla-bottle-1-766x1024.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-659\" alt=\"bioplastic bottles for water\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/design-pla-bottle-1-766x1024.jpeg 766w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/design-pla-bottle-1-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/design-pla-bottle-1-768x1026.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/design-pla-bottle-1.jpeg 958w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:133.61%;max-width:958px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-904dd1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"904dd1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-02-10-at-20.55.30-5-1024x683.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-669\" alt=\"compost hand\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-02-10-at-20.55.30-5-1024x683.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-02-10-at-20.55.30-5-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-02-10-at-20.55.30-5-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-02-10-at-20.55.30-5-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-02-10-at-20.55.30-5-1568x1046.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-02-10-at-20.55.30-5.jpeg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:66.69%;max-width:1600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-254424b\" data-id=\"254424b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-038f24f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"038f24f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Goal and Scope LCA study of PLA including Food Waste\n<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72cddf02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72cddf02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The goal of this LCA is to quantify the environmental footprint of different PLA food packaging products including food waste through a cradle-to-grave LCA, focusing on the end-of-life options. It includes different disposal alternatives, such as incineration with energy recovery, industrial composting, anaerobic digestion and landfill. The reference flow, called functional unit, is considered as 1 kg of PLA packaging including food waste from households, as the comparison unit in order to promote equivalence between the systems. The SimaPro software was used as a tool to facilitate the LCA implementation. The database used for background processes was Ecoinvent v3.3. The PLA inventory data were developed and collected by Total-Corbion from the core data for sugar cane milling, lactic acid, and polymer production from their factory in Thailand.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>System Description<\/strong><br \/>This study assesses the life cycle of food packaging using single-serve products, from the extraction and processing of all raw materials to the end-of-life of the food matter and its packaging system. The five different systems were chosen on account of the fact that this project seeks to address a wide range of products with different moisture and organic contents. In the case of the coffee cup, it was modelled to represent the dry biodegradable packaging without food contamination.<br \/>The system boundaries identify the life cycle stages, processes, and flows considered in the LCA and should include all activities relevant to attaining the above-mentioned study objectives. All the systems covered the full packaging life cycle, including primary material production, transformation into polymer resin, packaging manufacturing as well as end-of-life treatment. The waste management alternatives assessed in the systems are anaerobic digestion, composting, incineration and landfill.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb89217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cb89217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c7f3ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c7f3ba\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e02336c\" data-id=\"e02336c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d64b8f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d64b8f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusions LCA study of PLA including Food Waste.\n<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cc10ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4cc10ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>For all three systems, the ranking observed never matches the ranking suggested by an interpretation of the EU waste hierarchy. This is mostly because composting impacts are higher than energy recovery by incineration. Unquestionably, landfilling is the worst waste management option for bio-waste. However, for the management of biodegradable waste diverted from landfills, there seems to be several environmentally favourable options. Incineration with energy recovery appears to be the best solution for coffee cups, yogurts cups and coffee capsules. For tea bags and cucumbers, incineration is not suitable due to the high amount of moisture content, and because of that composting is the best solution.<br \/>Taking the entire production chain into account, the LCA results show that the most significant impacts are related to the use phase, especially if a heating device is used, such as a kettle, coffee machine or refrigerator. Finally the influence of packaging disposal is very small in comparison with the rest of the life cycles.<br \/>Recovering the energy from bio-based packages is far more favourable than burning synthetic plastics because the carbon content of bio-based plastics does not stem from fossil sources. The bioplastics production for the replacement of a part of fossil-based plastics seems to be a real and effective strategy towards sustainable development. In fact, the displacing of conventional plastics with bioplastics can lead to considerable energy and GHGs emissions savings.<br \/>The AD of organic waste is clearly on the rise within the EU because its main advantages lies in converting organic waste into biogas, a renewable energy source. The next decade is likely to witness a considerable rise in research regarding anaerobic digestion of PLA.<br \/>Sensitivity analysis, show that some assumptions for several key input parameters are very important due to the uncertainty of all the input parameters.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-fe4b298 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fe4b298\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f0bda6d\" data-id=\"f0bda6d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a338067 elementor-button-success elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a338067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Life-Cycle-Assessment-study-of-Polylactic-Acid-Food-Alarico\/dd079a0b2a7edd4da666c590d3caf0f223c975c8\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Go to full rapport<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-06078c1\" data-id=\"06078c1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60adf0a elementor-button-success elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"60adf0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/bioplastic-bottles-information\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn more on bio-plastics<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17c9c98\" data-id=\"17c9c98\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ebf5fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5ebf5fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2737dde elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2737dde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" src=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ASTM-standards-different-logos-compostability.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1389\" alt=\"ASTM-standards-different-logos-compostability\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ASTM-standards-different-logos-compostability.jpg 640w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/ASTM-standards-different-logos-compostability-300x172.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" style=\"width:100%;height:57.19%;max-width:640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ed3c02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9ed3c02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"404\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/digester.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1390\" alt=\"bio-plastic digester\" srcset=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/digester.jpg 404w, https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/digester-300x261.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" style=\"width:100%;height:87.13%;max-width:404px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LCA study PLA including Food Waste. (rapport: LCA study of PLA Packaging including Food Waste.Ana Carolina Cruz Alarico \u2013 Chemical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal) The pressing need, in recent decades, to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the amount of food waste destined for landfills, has led to&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/lca-study-of-pla-including-food-waste\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">LCA study of PLA including Food Waste.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":838,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_header_footer","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>LCA study PLA including Food Waste. lifecycle of single use food packaging.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"LCA study PLA including Food Waste. This study assesses the life cycle from extraction, processing of raw materials to the end-of-life\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/biodegradablebottles.eu\/lca-study-of-pla-including-food-waste\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"LCA study PLA including Food Waste. lifecycle of single use food packaging.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LCA study PLA including Food Waste. 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